linear_elasticity_traction_elements.h

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// LIC// ====================================================================
// LIC// This file forms part of oomph-lib, the object-oriented,
// LIC// multi-physics finite-element library, available
// LIC// at http://www.oomph-lib.org.
// LIC//
// LIC// Copyright (C) 2006-2025 Matthias Heil and Andrew Hazel
// LIC//
// LIC// This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
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// LIC// License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
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// LIC// Lesser General Public License for more details.
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// LIC// The authors may be contacted at oomph-lib@maths.man.ac.uk.
// LIC//
// LIC//====================================================================
// Header file for elements that are used to apply surface loads to
// the equations of linear elasticity
 
#ifndef OOMPH_LINEAR_ELASTICITY_TRACTION_ELEMENTS_HEADER
#define OOMPH_LINEAR_ELASTICITY_TRACTION_ELEMENTS_HEADER
 
// Config header
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <oomph-lib-config.h>
#endif
 
 
// OOMPH-LIB headers
#include "generic/Qelements.h"
 
namespace oomph
{
  //=======================================================================
  /// Namespace containing the zero traction function for linear elasticity
  /// traction elements
  //=======================================================================
  namespace LinearElasticityTractionElementHelper
  {
    //=======================================================================
    /// Default load function (zero traction)
    //=======================================================================
    void Zero_traction_fct(const double& time,
                           const Vector<double>& x,
                           const Vector<double>& N,
                           Vector<double>& load);
 
  } // namespace LinearElasticityTractionElementHelper
 
 
  //======================================================================
  /// A class for elements that allow the imposition of an applied traction
  /// in the equations of linear elasticity.
  /// The geometrical information can be read from the FaceGeometry<ELEMENT>
  /// class and and thus, we can be generic enough without the need to have
  /// a separate equations class.
  //======================================================================
  template<class ELEMENT>
  class LinearElasticityTractionElement : public virtual FaceGeometry<ELEMENT>,
                                          public virtual FaceElement
  {
  protected:
    /// Index at which the i-th displacement component is stored
    Vector<unsigned> U_index_linear_elasticity_traction;
 
    /// Pointer to an imposed traction function. Arguments:
    /// Eulerian coordinate; outer unit normal;
    /// applied traction. (Not all of the input arguments will be
    /// required for all specific load functions but the list should
    /// cover all cases)
    void (*Traction_fct_pt)(const double& time,
                            const Vector<double>& x,
                            const Vector<double>& n,
                            Vector<double>& result);
 
 
    /// Get the traction vector: Pass number of integration point
    /// (dummy), Eulerlian coordinate and normal vector and return the load
    /// vector (not all of the input arguments will be required for all specific
    /// load functions but the list should cover all cases). This function is
    /// virtual so it can be overloaded for FSI.
    virtual void get_traction(const double& time,
                              const unsigned& intpt,
                              const Vector<double>& x,
                              const Vector<double>& n,
                              Vector<double>& traction)
    {
      Traction_fct_pt(time, x, n, traction);
    }
 
 
    /// Helper function that actually calculates the residuals
    // This small level of indirection is required to avoid calling
    // fill_in_contribution_to_residuals in fill_in_contribution_to_jacobian
    // which causes all kinds of pain if overloading later on
    void fill_in_contribution_to_residuals_linear_elasticity_traction(
      Vector<double>& residuals);
 
 
  public:
    /// Constructor, which takes a "bulk" element and the
    /// value of the index and its limit
    LinearElasticityTractionElement(FiniteElement* const& element_pt,
                                    const int& face_index)
      : FaceGeometry<ELEMENT>(), FaceElement()
    {
      // Attach the geometrical information to the element. N.B. This function
      // also assigns nbulk_value from the required_nvalue of the bulk element
      element_pt->build_face_element(face_index, this);
 
#ifdef PARANOID
      {
        // Check that the element is not a refineable 3d element
        ELEMENT* elem_pt = dynamic_cast<ELEMENT*>(element_pt);
        // If it's three-d
        if (elem_pt->dim() == 3)
        {
          // Is it refineable
          RefineableElement* ref_el_pt =
            dynamic_cast<RefineableElement*>(elem_pt);
          if (ref_el_pt != 0)
          {
            if (this->has_hanging_nodes())
            {
              throw OomphLibError("This flux element will not work correctly "
                                  "if nodes are hanging\n",
                                  OOMPH_CURRENT_FUNCTION,
                                  OOMPH_EXCEPTION_LOCATION);
            }
          }
        }
      }
#endif
 
      // Find the dimension of the problem
      unsigned n_dim = element_pt->nodal_dimension();
 
      // Find the index at which the displacemenet unknowns are stored
      ELEMENT* cast_element_pt = dynamic_cast<ELEMENT*>(element_pt);
      this->U_index_linear_elasticity_traction.resize(n_dim);
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_dim; i++)
      {
        this->U_index_linear_elasticity_traction[i] =
          cast_element_pt->u_index_linear_elasticity(i);
      }
 
      // Zero traction
      Traction_fct_pt =
        &LinearElasticityTractionElementHelper::Zero_traction_fct;
    }
 
 
    /// Reference to the traction function pointer
    void (*&traction_fct_pt())(const double& time,
                               const Vector<double>& x,
                               const Vector<double>& n,
                               Vector<double>& traction)
    {
      return Traction_fct_pt;
    }
 
 
    /// Return the residuals
    void fill_in_contribution_to_residuals(Vector<double>& residuals)
    {
      fill_in_contribution_to_residuals_linear_elasticity_traction(residuals);
    }
 
 
    /// Fill in contribution from Jacobian
    void fill_in_contribution_to_jacobian(Vector<double>& residuals,
                                          DenseMatrix<double>& jacobian)
    {
      // Call the residuals
      fill_in_contribution_to_residuals_linear_elasticity_traction(residuals);
    }
 
    /// Specify the value of nodal zeta from the face geometry
    /// The "global" intrinsic coordinate of the element when
    /// viewed as part of a geometric object should be given by
    /// the FaceElement representation, by default (needed to break
    /// indeterminacy if bulk element is SolidElement)
    double zeta_nodal(const unsigned& n,
                      const unsigned& k,
                      const unsigned& i) const
    {
      return FaceElement::zeta_nodal(n, k, i);
    }
 
    /// Output function
    void output(std::ostream& outfile)
    {
      FiniteElement::output(outfile);
    }
 
    /// Output function
    void output(std::ostream& outfile, const unsigned& n_plot)
    {
      FiniteElement::output(outfile, n_plot);
    }
 
    /// C_style output function
    void output(FILE* file_pt)
    {
      FiniteElement::output(file_pt);
    }
 
    /// C-style output function
    void output(FILE* file_pt, const unsigned& n_plot)
    {
      FiniteElement::output(file_pt, n_plot);
    }
 
 
    /// Compute traction vector at specified local coordinate
    /// Should only be used for post-processing; ignores dependence
    /// on integration point!
    void traction(const double& time,
                  const Vector<double>& s,
                  Vector<double>& traction);
  };
 
  ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
  //=====================================================================
  /// Compute traction vector at specified local coordinate
  /// Should only be used for post-processing; ignores dependence
  /// on integration point!
  //=====================================================================
  template<class ELEMENT>
  void LinearElasticityTractionElement<ELEMENT>::traction(
    const double& time, const Vector<double>& s, Vector<double>& traction)
  {
    unsigned n_dim = this->nodal_dimension();
 
    // Position vector
    Vector<double> x(n_dim);
    interpolated_x(s, x);
 
    // Outer unit normal
    Vector<double> unit_normal(n_dim);
    outer_unit_normal(s, unit_normal);
 
    // Dummy
    unsigned ipt = 0;
 
    // Traction vector
    get_traction(time, ipt, x, unit_normal, traction);
  }
 
 
  //=====================================================================
  /// Return the residuals for the LinearElasticityTractionElement equations
  //=====================================================================
  template<class ELEMENT>
  void LinearElasticityTractionElement<ELEMENT>::
    fill_in_contribution_to_residuals_linear_elasticity_traction(
      Vector<double>& residuals)
  {
    // Find out how many nodes there are
    unsigned n_node = nnode();
 
    // Get continuous time from timestepper of first node
    double time = node_pt(0)->time_stepper_pt()->time_pt()->time();
 
#ifdef PARANOID
    // Find out how many positional dofs there are
    unsigned n_position_type = this->nnodal_position_type();
    if (n_position_type != 1)
    {
      throw OomphLibError("LinearElasticity is not yet implemented for more "
                          "than one position type",
                          OOMPH_CURRENT_FUNCTION,
                          OOMPH_EXCEPTION_LOCATION);
    }
#endif
 
    // Find out the dimension of the node
    unsigned n_dim = this->nodal_dimension();
 
    // Cache the nodal indices at which the displacement components are stored
    unsigned u_nodal_index[n_dim];
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_dim; i++)
    {
      u_nodal_index[i] = this->U_index_linear_elasticity_traction[i];
    }
 
    // Integer to hold the local equation number
    int local_eqn = 0;
 
    // Set up memory for the shape functions
    // Note that in this case, the number of lagrangian coordinates is always
    // equal to the dimension of the nodes
    Shape psi(n_node);
    DShape dpsids(n_node, n_dim - 1);
 
    // Set the value of n_intpt
    unsigned n_intpt = integral_pt()->nweight();
 
    // Loop over the integration points
    for (unsigned ipt = 0; ipt < n_intpt; ipt++)
    {
      // Get the integral weight
      double w = integral_pt()->weight(ipt);
 
      // Only need to call the local derivatives
      dshape_local_at_knot(ipt, psi, dpsids);
 
      // Calculate the Eulerian and Lagrangian coordinates
      Vector<double> interpolated_x(n_dim, 0.0);
 
      // Also calculate the surface Vectors (derivatives wrt local coordinates)
      DenseMatrix<double> interpolated_A(n_dim - 1, n_dim, 0.0);
 
      // Calculate displacements and derivatives
      for (unsigned l = 0; l < n_node; l++)
      {
        // Loop over directions
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_dim; i++)
        {
          // Calculate the Eulerian coords
          const double x_local = nodal_position(l, i);
          interpolated_x[i] += x_local * psi(l);
 
          // Loop over LOCAL derivative directions, to calculate the tangent(s)
          for (unsigned j = 0; j < n_dim - 1; j++)
          {
            interpolated_A(j, i) += x_local * dpsids(l, j);
          }
        }
      }
 
      // Now find the local metric tensor from the tangent Vectors
      DenseMatrix<double> A(n_dim - 1);
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_dim - 1; i++)
      {
        for (unsigned j = 0; j < n_dim - 1; j++)
        {
          // Initialise surface metric tensor to zero
          A(i, j) = 0.0;
 
          // Take the dot product
          for (unsigned k = 0; k < n_dim; k++)
          {
            A(i, j) += interpolated_A(i, k) * interpolated_A(j, k);
          }
        }
      }
 
      // Get the outer unit normal
      Vector<double> interpolated_normal(n_dim);
      outer_unit_normal(ipt, interpolated_normal);
 
      // Find the determinant of the metric tensor
      double Adet = 0.0;
      switch (n_dim)
      {
        case 2:
          Adet = A(0, 0);
          break;
        case 3:
          Adet = A(0, 0) * A(1, 1) - A(0, 1) * A(1, 0);
          break;
        default:
          throw OomphLibError(
            "Wrong dimension in LinearElasticityTractionElement",
            "LinearElasticityTractionElement::fill_in_contribution_to_"
            "residuals()",
            OOMPH_EXCEPTION_LOCATION);
      }
 
      // Premultiply the weights and the square-root of the determinant of
      // the metric tensor
      double W = w * sqrt(Adet);
 
      // Now calculate the load
      Vector<double> traction(n_dim);
      get_traction(time, ipt, interpolated_x, interpolated_normal, traction);
 
      // Loop over the test functions, nodes of the element
      for (unsigned l = 0; l < n_node; l++)
      {
        // Loop over the displacement components
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n_dim; i++)
        {
          local_eqn = this->nodal_local_eqn(l, u_nodal_index[i]);
          /*IF it's not a boundary condition*/
          if (local_eqn >= 0)
          {
            // Add the loading terms to the residuals
            residuals[local_eqn] -= traction[i] * psi(l) * W;
          }
        } // End of if not boundary condition
      } // End of loop over shape functions
    } // End of loop over integration points
  }
 
 
} // namespace oomph
 
#endif